## Welcome

In our group, we focus on both experimental and theoretical studies at the interface of ultrafast nonlinear optics, attosecond science, quantum optics, and nanoscience.  More specifically, our work involves the generation, measurement, and control of the interaction of light and matter in atoms, molecules, and nanosystems in space and time at an extremely short, up to attoseconds (~attosecond=10^(-18)sec) time scale. Our interests range from fundamental physical phenomena associated with these processes to practical applications.

### Research highlights

• New measurement and process control concepts are critical for the future advances in the areas of quantum electronics, quantum computing and information processing. We investigate new approaches of using HHG for multidimensional nanotomography to address these challenges.
• Detailed experimental characterization of the generating medium density distribution is essential for optimization of the attosecond pulse generation process, and the acquisition of a more profound understanding of the underlying physical phenomena. To address this challenge, we demonstrated a new type of laser induced strong-field ionization gas jet tomography approach in collaboration with Politecnico di Milano’s group.
Specifically, we have shown that for typical intensities in high harmonic generation experiments, the strong field ionization mechanism used in our approach provides an improvement in the resolution close to factor of 2 (resolving about 8 times smaller voxel volume), when compared to previously used linear/single-photon imaging modalities.
However, the quest for accurate gas jet density characterization goes far beyond attosecond science. Accurate spatial density characterization of gas jets is important for inertial confinement fusion (ICF, x-ray sources, laser particle acceleration (LPA), cold chemistry and other areas of science and engineering.
Our approach can be easily transferred to all these experiments.

O. Tchulov, et al., Sci. Rep., 7 (1), 6905, June 2017

• High Harmonic Generation (HHG) is fundamentally characterized by extraordinary broad spectral content. None of the known techniques were suitable to fully spatially characterize the HHG. To address this challenge, we introduced SWORD (Spectral Wavefront Optical Reconstruction by Diffraction) – a new technique for spectrally resolved wavefront characterization of radiation. This approach enabled spectrally resolved measurement of high harmonics wavefronts for the first time. Using SWORD, we experimentally discovered that high harmonic wavefronts have significantly different harmonic order dependent structure. These findings have a significant impact on both – fundamental science and practical applications of HHG.

From the fundamental perspective, spatially resolved wavefronts now accessible experimentally, will allow to measure previously unaccessible observables in the process of high harmonic generation. For example, measuring the tunneling phase as a function of intensity will become feasible.
In addition, we proposed, that measurement of spectrally resolved wavefronts together with temporal characterization at one single point in the beam would enable complete space-time reconstruction of attosecond pulses and demonstrated analytically and numerically feasibility of this idea.
Based on this idea, complete space-time reconstruction of attosecond pulse was demonstrated.

E. Frumker, et al., Opt. Lett. 34, no.19, December 2009, pp. 3026-3028

E. Frumker, et al. Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 13, June 2012, pp. 13870-13877

• We demonstrated HHG with oriented polar molecule for the first time, using all-optical $$\omega + 2\omega$$ excitation scheme. For more than a decade, many different groups had tried to observe the HHG from polar-oriented samples using different means for orientation, but all these efforts had failed. Our work opened a door to a whole new class of experiments in attosecond science.

We have used the HHG signal with oriented molecules to follow the wavepacket dynamics for understanding the underlying physical mechanism of all-optical orientation approach.
Using this idea, we compared the experimental measurement with calculations and found that the leading mechanism for orientation is preferential ionization  and not hyperpolarizability as was previously believed.

In the early stages of orientation experiments, we observed a surprising inverse alignment structure in a revival signal from an aligned CO molecules. To explain this unexpected phenomenon, we proposed a theoretical model, which we called Attosecond Bursts Interference (ABI). This model is the basis for our understanding of harmonic generation from asymmetric molecules. The measurements of HHG from oriented samples together with ABI theory allowed us to determine the phase asymmetry of the attosecond XUV pulses emitted when an electron recollides from opposite sides of the CO molecule, and the phase asymmetry of the recollision electron just before recombination. This work  opens up a new route for studies of the structure and dynamics of polar molecules using HHG.

E. Frumker, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, 113901, September 2012

E. Frumker, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, 233904, December 2012